Suchergebnisse

Lorsqu'en 659 elle sentit la mort approcher, Gertrude, abbesse de Nivelles, donna de strictes instructions relatives à son vêtement funèbre : il fallait qu'on ne lui mît qu'un cilice et qu'un « très grossier » voile de nonne donné par quelque pèlerin, sans autre ornement, insista-t-elle, qui fût de laine ou de lin. Une telle insistance suggère qu'elle savait combien cet excès d'humilité choquerait de la part de celle qui, nonne ou pas, se trouvait être la fille de Pépin de Landen et d'Itta. Après tout, Theodechilde, l'abbesse fondatrice de Jouarre, qui mourut seulement quelques années plus tard, fut enterrée avec un manteau brodé de fils d'or — moins splendide sans doute que la superbe tunique (fig. 1) dont la broderie colorée imite la joaillerie du temps et qui a été associée à la sépulture de la reine Bathilde, morte à la même époque dans sa retraite monastique.

THIS ARTICLE SEEKS TO ESTABLISH TWO POINTS WITH REGARD TO CURRENT INTERNATIONAL NONPROLIFERATION POLICIES. FIRST IT WILL BE INCREASINGLY DIFFICULT TO USE EXPORT CONTROLS TO STOP NUCLEAR, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND MISSILE PROGRAMS WORLDWIDE. SECOND, NONPROLIFERATION TREATIES ARE EITHER UNVERIFIABLE OR THEY HAVE VERIFICATIONS MEASURES THAT PROVIDE LITTLE OR NO CONFIDENCE AGAINST CHEATING. ALSO, NONPROLIFERATION TREATIES AFFORD LITTLE PROTECTION AGAINST TERRORISTS OR ROGUE STATES THAT IGNORE OR NONCOMPLY WITH THOSE TREATIES.

AbstractUndirected, binary network data consist of indicators of symmetric relations between pairs of actors. Regression models of such data allow for the estimation of effects of exogenous covariates on the network and for prediction of unobserved data. Ideally, estimators of the regression parameters should account for the inherent dependencies among relations in the network that involve the same actor. To account for such dependencies, researchers have developed a host of latent variable network models; however, estimation of many latent variable network models is computationally onerous and which model is best to base inference upon may not be clear. We propose the probit exchangeable (PX) model for undirected binary network data that is based on an assumption of exchangeability, which is common to many of the latent variable network models in the literature. The PX model can represent the first two moments of any exchangeable network model. We leverage the EM algorithm to obtain an approximate maximum likelihood estimator of the PX model that is extremely computationally efficient. Using simulation studies, we demonstrate the improvement in estimation of regression coefficients of the proposed model over existing latent variable network models. In an analysis of purchases of politically aligned books, we demonstrate political polarization in purchase behavior and show that the proposed estimator significantly reduces runtime relative to estimators of latent variable network models, while maintaining predictive performance.

A growing body of research shows that women legislators outperform their male counterparts in the legislative arena, but scholars have yet to examine whether this pattern emerges in non-policy aspects of representation. We conducted an audit study of 6,000 U.S. state legislators to analyze whether women outperform or underperform men on constituency service in light of the extra effort they spend on policy. We find that women are more likely to respond to constituent requests than men, even after accounting for their heightened level of policy activity. Female legislators are the most responsive in conservative districts, where women may see the barriers to their election as especially high. We then demonstrate that our findings are not a function of staff responsiveness, legislator ideology, or responsiveness to female constituents or gender issues. The results provide additional evidence that women perform better than their male counterparts across a range of representational activities.